Site bibliography

References

A consolidated reference page for BonegevityMD. It gathers the PDF-backed research articles, reviews, consensus statements, and image-provenance source articles cited across the published site.

How this page was built: references were rebuilt from published BonegevityMD pages on July 1, 2026 after the PDF-library content cleanup. Individual educational pages still keep their own local reference lists.
39Clinical and educational PDF references
4Image-library PDF references
5Radiograph source-article references
25Published pages with local reference lists

Total unique references currently listed: 48, drawn from 25 published pages.

Clinical, research, and guideline references

PDF-backed clinical studies, reviews, consensus statements, and guideline papers cited in BonegevityMD educational pages.

  1. Bawa HS, Weick J, Dirschl DR. Anti-osteoporotic therapy after fragility fracture lowers rate of subsequent fracture: analysis of a large population sample. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(19):1555-1562. doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.01275.
    Used on:Bone Health after FractureIssue 1: What your fracture may be telling youMedications and fracture prevention
  2. Black DM, Geiger EJ, Eastell R, et al. Atypical femur fracture risk versus fragility fracture prevention with bisphosphonates. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(8):743-753. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1916525.
    Used on:Bone medications: fear, facts, and decision-makingIssue 5: Medications, fear, and factsMedications and fracture prevention
  3. Black DM, Rosen CJ. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(3):254-262. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1513724.
    Used on:Issue 4: Menopause and bone lossMenopause and bone loss
  4. Chandran M, Akesson KE, Javaid MK, et al. Impact of osteoporosis and osteoporosis medications on fracture healing: a narrative review. Osteoporos Int. 2024;35(10):1725-1738. doi:10.1007/s00198-024-07059-8.
    Used on:Bone medications: fear, facts, and decision-makingMedications and fracture prevention
  5. Compston JE, McClung MR, Leslie WD. Osteoporosis. Lancet. 2019;393(10169):364-376. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32112-3.
    Used on:Bone Health Calculator HubBone Health Visual ExplainersBone medications: fear, facts, and decision-makingIssue 3: Calcium, vitamin D, and proteinIssue 5: Medications, fear, and factsLab tests after low bone density or fractureMedications and fracture preventionMen and osteoporosisNutrition for boneWhat is osteoporosis?
  6. Conigrave AD, Brown EM, Rizzoli R. Dietary protein and bone health: roles of amino acid-sensing receptors in the control of calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Annu Rev Nutr. 2008;28:131-155. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155328.
    Used on:Issue 3: Calcium, vitamin D, and proteinNutrition for bone
  7. Consensus development conference: prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1987;295(6603):914-915. doi: 10.1136/bmj.295.6603.914. PMID: 3119099; PMCID: PMC1247945.
    Used on:What is osteoporosis?
  8. Dent E, Daly RM, Hoogendijk EO, Scott D. Exercise to prevent and manage frailty and fragility fractures. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2023;21(2):205-215. doi:10.1007/s11914-023-00777-8.
    Used on:Bone Health Calculator HubExercise and bone healthFalls, balance, and fracture preventionIssue 6: Falls, muscle, and independence
  9. Ebeling PR, Nguyen HH, Aleksova J, Vincent AJ, Wong P, Milat F. Secondary osteoporosis. Endocr Rev. 2022;43(2):240-313. doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab028.
    Used on:Lab tests after low bone density or fractureMen and osteoporosis
  10. El Maghraoui A, Roux C. DXA scanning in clinical practice. QJM. 2008;101(8):605-617. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn022.
    Used on:Bone Health after FractureBone Health Visual ExplainersDXA Report ExplainerIssue 2: DXA scans without confusionOsteopenia: what it means and what to askUnderstanding a DEXA (DXA) scan
  11. Gasser RW, Kocijan R, Zendeli A, Resch H. Drug-induced osteoporosis. J Clin Med. 2026;15(3):993. doi:10.3390/jcm15030993.
    Used on:Lab tests after low bone density or fracture
  12. Gourlay ML, Fine JP, Preisser JS, et al. Bone-density testing interval and transition to osteoporosis in older women. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(3):225-233. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1107142.
    Used on:DXA Report ExplainerUnderstanding a DEXA (DXA) scan
  13. Hanley DA, Cranney A, Jones G, et al. Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review and guideline statement from Osteoporosis Canada. CMAJ. 2010;182(12):E610-E618. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091062.
    Used on:Bone Health Calculator HubIssue 3: Calcium, vitamin D, and proteinNutrition for boneOsteopenia: what it means and what to ask
  14. Kanis JA, Harvey NC, Johansson H, Liu E, Vandenput L, Lorentzon M, Leslie WD, McCloskey EV. A decade of FRAX: how has it changed the management of osteoporosis? Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020;32(2):187-196. doi:10.1007/s40520-019-01432-y.
    Used on:Osteopenia: what it means and what to askUnderstanding a DEXA (DXA) scan
  15. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Harvey NC, McCloskey EV. A brief history of FRAX. Arch Osteoporos. 2018;13(1):118. doi:10.1007/s11657-018-0510-0.
    Used on:Bone Health after FractureBone Health Calculator HubDXA Report ExplainerOsteopenia: what it means and what to askUnderstanding a DEXA (DXA) scan
  16. Kanis JA. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4(6):368-381. doi: 10.1007/BF01622200. PMID: 7696835.
    Used on:What is osteoporosis?
  17. Karaguzel G, Holick MF. Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2010;11(4):237-251. doi:10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0.
    Used on:Osteopenia: what it means and what to ask
  18. Karlamangla AS, Burnett-Bowie SAM, Crandall CJ. Bone health during the menopause transition and beyond. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018;45(4):695-708. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.012. PMID: 30401551.
    Used on:Menopause and bone loss
  19. Khosla S, Oursler MJ, Monroe DG. Estrogen and the skeleton. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2012;23(11):576-581. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.03.008. PMID: 22595550.
    Used on:Menopause and bone loss
  20. Licata AA, Binkley N, Petak SM, Camacho PM. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the quality of DXA scans and reports. Endocr Pract. 2018;24(2):220-229. doi:10.4158/CS-2017-0081.
    Used on:Bone Health Visual ExplainersDXA Report ExplainerIssue 2: DXA scans without confusionUnderstanding a DEXA (DXA) scan
  21. Masud T, Binkley N, Boonen S, Hannan MT. Official positions for FRAX clinical regarding falls and frailty: can falls and frailty be used in FRAX? J Clin Densitom. 2011;14(3):194-204. doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2011.05.010.
    Used on:Bone Health Calculator HubDXA Report ExplainerUnderstanding a DEXA (DXA) scan
  22. Matzkin EG, DeMaio M, Charles JF, Franklin CC. Diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis: what orthopaedic surgeons need to know. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2019;27(20):e902-e912. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-18-00600.
    Used on:Bone Health after FractureIssue 1: What your fracture may be telling youVertebral compression fractures
  23. Morin SN, Leslie WD, Schousboe JT. Osteoporosis: a review. JAMA. 2025. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.6003.
    Used on:Bone Health after FractureBone Health Calculator HubBone Health Visual ExplainersBone medications: fear, facts, and decision-makingDXA Report ExplainerFalls, balance, and fracture preventionIssue 5: Medications, fear, and factsLab tests after low bone density or fractureMedications and fracture preventionMen and osteoporosisUnderstanding a DEXA (DXA) scanVertebral compression fracturesWhat is osteoporosis?Why bones weaken with age
  24. Napoli N, Chandran M, Pierroz DD, Abrahamsen B, Schwartz AV, Ferrari SL. Coordinating multidisciplinary care: improving outcomes after fragility fractures. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(4):379-391. doi:10.1056/NEJMra2304245.
    Used on:Bone Health after FractureBone Health Visual ExplainersIssue 1: What your fracture may be telling you
  25. Nayak S, Greenspan SL. A systematic review and meta-analysis of sequential treatment strategies for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2026. doi:10.1007/s00198-025-07717-5.
    Used on:Bone medications: fear, facts, and decision-makingIssue 5: Medications, fear, and factsMedications and fracture prevention
  26. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Osteoporosis Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA. 2001;285(6):785-795. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.6.785. PMID: 11176917.
    Used on:What is osteoporosis?
  27. Pignolo RJ. Aging and bone metabolism. Compr Physiol. 2023;13:4355-4386. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c220012. PMID: 36715278.
    Used on:Why bones weaken with age
  28. Rizzoli R, Chevalley T. Nutrition and osteoporosis prevention. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2024;22(6):829-837. doi:10.1007/s11914-024-00892-0.
    Used on:Bone Health Calculator HubIssue 3: Calcium, vitamin D, and proteinNutrition for bone
  29. Robinson SM, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, et al. Does nutrition play a role in the prevention and management of sarcopenia? Clin Nutr. 2018;37(4):1121-1132. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.08.016.
    Used on:Bone Health Calculator HubIssue 3: Calcium, vitamin D, and proteinNutrition for bone
  30. Robinson WA, Carlson BC, Poppendeck H, et al. Osteoporosis-related vertebral fragility fractures: a review and analysis of the American Orthopaedic Association’s Own the Bone database. Spine. 2020;45(8):E430-E438. doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003324.
    Used on:Vertebral compression fractures
  31. Sfeir JG, Drake MT, Khosla S, Farr JN. Skeletal aging. Mayo Clin Proc. 2022;97(6):1194-1208. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.03.011. PMID: 35662432.
    Used on:Why bones weaken with age
  32. Shevroja E, Lamy O, Kohlmeier L, Koromani F, Rivadeneira F, Hans D. Use of trabecular bone score (TBS) as a complementary approach to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for fracture risk assessment in clinical practice. J Clin Densitom. 2017;20(3):334-345. doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2017.06.019.
    Used on:Understanding a DEXA (DXA) scan
  33. US Preventive Services Task Force; Nicholson WK, Silverstein M, Wong JB, Chelmow D, Coker TR, Davis EM, Jaen CR, Krousel-Wood M, Lee S, Li L, Mangione CM, Ogedegbe G, Rao G, Ruiz JM, Stevermer J, Tsevat J, Underwood SM, Wiehe S. Screening for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2025;333(6):498-508. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.27154. PMID: 39808425.
    Used on:What is osteoporosis?
  34. Walker MD, Shane E. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(21):1979-1991. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp2307353.
    Used on:Issue 4: Menopause and bone lossMenopause and bone loss
  35. Watts NB. Fundamentals and pitfalls of bone densitometry using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(11):847-854. doi:10.1007/s00198-004-1681-7.
    Used on:DXA Report ExplainerIssue 2: DXA scans without confusionUnderstanding a DEXA (DXA) scan
  36. Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(1):367-376. doi:10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5.
    Used on:Bone Health Calculator HubIssue 3: Calcium, vitamin D, and proteinNutrition for bone
  37. Wilson-Barnes SL, Lanham-New SA, Lambert H. Modifiable risk factors for bone health and fragility fractures. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2022;36(3):101758. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2022.101758.
    Used on:Exercise and bone healthFalls, balance, and fracture preventionIssue 6: Falls, muscle, and independence
  38. Wong RMY, Wong H, Zhang N, et al. The relationship between sarcopenia and fragility fracture: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(3):541-553. doi:10.1007/s00198-018-04828-0.
    Used on:Bone Health Calculator HubExercise and bone healthFalls, balance, and fracture preventionIssue 6: Falls, muscle, and independenceWhy bones weaken with age
  39. Ye Y, Sun J, Wang X, et al. Osteoporosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2025. doi:10.1038/s41572-025-00585-3.
    Used on:Issue 4: Menopause and bone loss

Image-library research basis

PDF-backed sources used for the conceptual basis of original BonegevityMD educational illustrations.

  1. Compston JE, McClung MR, Leslie WD. Osteoporosis. Lancet. 2019;393(10169):364-376. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32112-3.
    Used on:Osteoporosis Image Library
  2. Morin SN, Leslie WD, Schousboe JT. Osteoporosis: a review. JAMA. 2025. doi:10.1001/jama.2025.6003.
    Used on:Osteoporosis Image Library
  3. Shevroja E, Lamy O, Kohlmeier L, Koromani F, Rivadeneira F, Hans D. Use of trabecular bone score (TBS) as a complementary approach to dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for fracture risk assessment in clinical practice. J Clin Densitom. 2017;20(3):334-345. doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2017.06.019.
    Used on:Osteoporosis Image Library
  4. Walker MD, Shane E. Postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(21):1979-1991. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp2307353.
    Used on:Osteoporosis Image Library

Radiograph source articles

Open-access source articles used to document radiograph provenance and image licensing. These are listed separately from PDF-backed educational claims.

  1. Burgert N, Ter Meulen DP, Schep NWL, Colaris JW, Jonkers HAF, Willigenburg NW, et al. Surgeon preferences and outcome predictions for displaced distal radius fractures in elderly patients: a survey of 151 surgeons making 4,832 treatment predictions based on patient profiles and radiographs. J Hand Surg Glob Online. 2026;8(4):101030. doi:10.1016/j.jhsg.2026.101030. PMID: 42220440. PMCID: PMC13217588.
    Used on:Fragility Fracture Radiograph Library
  2. Gewiess J, Albers CE, Keel MJB, Frihagen F, Rommens PM, Bastian JD. Chronic pelvic insufficiency fractures and their treatment. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2024;145(1):76. doi:10.1007/s00402-024-05717-4. PMID: 39708227. PMCID: PMC11663159.
    Used on:Fragility Fracture Radiograph Library
  3. Joshi N, Sharma D, Deshkmukh S, Mankar S, Agrawal PP, Zodey K, et al. Functional and radiological outcomes of distal femur fractures treated with a combination of supracondylar nails and lateral condylar locking plates. Cureus. 2026;18(3):e105075. doi:10.7759/cureus.105075. PMID: 41994725. PMCID: PMC13080954.
    Used on:Fragility Fracture Radiograph Library
  4. Kalacun D, Komadina R, Brilej D. Proximal humerus fractures in the elderly work up, classifications and fracture biomechanics. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2025;51(1):300. doi:10.1007/s00068-025-02945-0. PMID: 41099833. PMCID: PMC12532694.
    Used on:Fragility Fracture Radiograph Library
  5. Nakai T, Fukunishi S. Fragility fractures of the pelvis with acetabular and femoral neck fractures in elderly patients. Cureus. 2025;17(6):e86065. doi:10.7759/cureus.86065. PMID: 40666569. PMCID: PMC12262157.
    Used on:Fragility Fracture Radiograph Library